GERMANY
Internationalisation: good, but could do better
Over the past decade, through efforts at the federal, state and institutional levels, Germany has steadily defined its goals and aligned its priorities for successfully promoting the internationalisation of its higher education system.These efforts have primarily aimed to increase Germany’s institutional rankings, participating in the global circulation of talent, developing a stronger sense of European identity among citizens and diversifying a population challenged by a low birth rate and a rapidly aging population.
More recent discussions in Germany have focused on assessing the economic benefits of the growing internationalisation of the country’s higher education institutions and the potential impact this will have on local and national economies.
A shift in focus
In a newly released report from the Stifterverband and McKinsey organisations, the focus is on the current and anticipated impact that international students will have on the German economy.
The report advocates looking more closely at how universities deal with issues of retention – currently, there is a 41% drop-out rate before graduation in undergraduate courses; in masters level courses it is much lower, at only 9% – and how to improve completion rates as a way to retain a talent pool that Germany will need in the future, not to mention the €4.3 billion (US$4.7 billion) international students may add to the economy in the coming decade.
More recently, the arrival of hundreds of thousands of Syrian refugees, many with advanced educational credentials and training, has further sharpened the question of how best to use and integrate skilled migrants. Several dozen German universities have recently announced plans to accommodate Syrian refugees by granting permission to audit courses while their refugee status is processed.
By directly addressing the beneficial economic impact of international students in Germany, a long-dormant debate about charging international students tuition fees may also re-emerge, although the Stifterverband-McKinsey report only touches lightly on this question.
According to the study’s survey of 230 businesses, 45% supported the idea of charging tuition for foreign students, while 30% rejected it – a finding somewhat higher than the results from polls of state voters, who have continuously rejected charging higher education tuition for any students, including those from abroad.
An important question is how sustainable tuition-free higher education in Germany will be in the long term.
Mobility and beyond
Germany today is the world’s fifth most attractive host country for internationally mobile students and its higher education landscape is quickly diversifying as its population of foreign students continues to rapidly expand. Since 2010, the number of foreign students at German universities has grown substantially and now stands at 319,283, up from 244,775 five years ago.
This figure combines both categories of foreign students in Germany: the so-called Bildungsinländer – foreign students who have generally studied in Germany and lived in the country before entering university – and Bildungsausländer, who are foreign students who earned their higher education credentials outside of the country before entering a university in Germany.
Germany now also sends one third of its students abroad each year, although this figure has remained somewhat stagnant over the past decade.
Today, more than half (57%) of Germany’s higher education institutions offer masters programmes taught in English and aim directly at bringing international students to Germany. The government follows this up by offering attractive incentives for foreign students to stay on for longer-term employment.
The most headline-grabbing element of German internationalisation, however, continues to be the tuition-free higher education it offers, not only for domestic students but also international students seeking full degrees in Germany. The continued belief in education as a public right in Germany appears steadfast at a time when other countries are either introducing tuition systems or, if they already exist, increasing tuition year by year.
Defining goals and aligning priorities
Internationalisation in Germany can be characterised as being a more coordinated process than in most of the other education systems in Europe and beyond. This is due to the leadership and support of five powerful promoters of German internationalisation: the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, the German Research Foundation, the German Rectors' Conference, the German Academic Exchange Service or DAAD, and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.
Over recent decades, the primary internationalisation agendas have been set by these five federal-level players who have defined broad goals, which have then been carried out at state and local levels by agencies, research institutes, foundations and academic institutions.
Federal, state and institutional policies and practices
The joint strategy to internationalise German higher education institutions, declared in 2013 by the federal and state-level ministers of education and science, continues to play out today in important ways.
That strategy identified nine common goals that addressed themes related to student mobility, internationalisation at home, staff development, international research cooperation, increased student services, strategic frameworks for action and targets for transnational education.
At the institutional level, many German universities then subsequently developed or revised their own international strategies to focus not only on national priorities – such as increasing mobility, fostering international research cooperation and internationalising the curriculum – but also on expanding the international profile of their own administrative staff or improving services for incoming international students and outgoing domestic students.
To assist in the implementation of these strategies, in 2009 the German Rectors’ Conference, with the financing and collaboration of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, created the 'Audit Internationalisation of Universities' process.
This audit is a 12-month service that brings together an external expert commission with an institution-appointed team to jointly evaluate the institution’s internationalisation process and formulate concrete recommendations tailored to its unique profile, needs and interests.
The Excellence Initiative
Over the past decade, large amounts of public funding allocated to specified target groups for clearly defined activities have further helped to accelerate the pace and perception of German higher education internationalisation. The most internationally visible of these efforts has been the multibillion euro German Excellence Initiative launched in 2004 and renewed in 2012.
In its second wave, this competitive grant awarded an additional €2.7 billion across 45 graduate schools, 43 clusters of excellence and 11 institutional strategies to support increased internationalisation activities towards developing ‘world-class’ institutions in the international education market.
While some critics have lamented that the Excellence Initiative is overly responsive to the pressures of global rankings and international competition and ignores institutional diversity and access, few have questioned the initiative’s success at identifying a cadre of top-level research institutions that have influenced the international perception of Germany again offering a globally competitive higher education system.
Indicators of success
According to a recent British Council report assessing 11 countries’ progress in internationalisation of their higher education systems, Germany was listed as the top country, with 8.4 points out of a total of 10 in the combined criteria of openness, access and equity, quality assurance and degree recognition.
The European Quality Charter on Mobility of 2011-12 listed Germany as the only country, among 36, that met all four goals of its scorecard:
- • National and regional strategies and initiatives and government-based or publicly-funded bodies devoted to providing information and guidance on learning mobility;
- • Publicly supported internet-based information resources;
- • Publicly supported personalised services for counselling, guidance and information; and
- • Involvement of publicly supported ‘multipliers’ to further provide information and guidance.
Financial and thematic challenges
As a federal higher education system, however, Germany faces definite challenges to its continued promotion of international education. Whereas its national initiatives have done much to advance the pace of internationalisation domestically, there is currently no clear indication that state support for universities will continue to ensure the self-sustainability of international activities at the institutional level.
The imbalance of high rates of third party funding on the one hand, and declines in basic funding for university research and teaching on the other, jeopardises certain long-term internationalisation activities.
In addition, in some cases basic funding by federal states is insufficient to render a significant impact on internationalisation efforts. Also, as noted, the sustainability of tuition-free university education remains a significant open question.
Apart from these financial issues, other challenges identified by the DAAD and other observers remain to be addressed. These include:
- • Ensuring that standards for quality research, instruction and study are maintained in the face of increased competition;
- • Ensuring that the curriculum and learning experience for students who are unable to study abroad substantively incorporates elements of internationalisation;
- • Adjusting the higher education admissions process in order to open up new and more diverse educational pathways for incoming students; and
- • Taking advantage of novel learning opportunities presented by new media and innovative technologies.
Finally, the development of virtual mobility through massive open online courses and the development of satellite campuses and joint and double-degree programmes have not yet made significant headway into various federal policies. Creating additional monitoring systems and research chairs for internationalisation may be one way to further develop the process of internationalisation in Germany, much as has been done in other large higher education systems.
Bernhard Streitwieser is an assistant professor of international education at George Washington University, United States. E-mail: streitwieser@gwu.edu. Jennifer Olson is a post-doctoral fellow in the department of education at the University of Oslo, Norway. E-mail: j.r.olson@iped.uio.no. Simone Burkhart leads the strategic planning division at the German Academic Exchange Service, DAAD. E-mail: burkhart@daad.de. Niels Klabunde is a research consultant at the Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Germany. E-mail: nklabunde@gmx.de. This paper is an abridged version of “Internationalisation in Germany” in the research study on Internationalisation of Higher Education (IP/B/CULT/IC/2014-002) for the European Parliament. This article was first published in the current edition of International Higher Education.